Incidence of confusional syndrome (delirium) in a Latin American university hospital.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the incidence of delirium and its subtypes in patients admitted to different departments of university hospitals in Latin America. OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of delirium and the frequency of its subtypes, as well as its associated factors, in patients admitted to different departments of a university hospital in Bogotá, Colombia. METHODS: A cohort of patients over 18 years of age admitted to the internal medicine (IM), geriatrics (GU), general surgery (GSU), orthopaedics (OU) and intensive care unit (ICU) services of a university hospital was followed up between January and June 2018. To detect the presence of delirium, we used the CAM (Confusion Assessment Method) and the CAM-ICU if the patient had decreased communication skills. The delirium subtype was characterised using the RASS (Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale). Patients were assessed on their admission date and then every two days until discharged from the hospital. Those in whom delirium was identified were referred for specialised intra-institutional interdisciplinary management. RESULTS: A total of 531 patients admitted during the period were assessed. The overall incidence of delirium was 12% (95% CI, 0.3-14.8). They represented 31.8% of patients in the GU, 15.6% in the ICU, 8.7% in IM, 5.1% in the OU, and 3.9% in the GSU. The most frequent clinical display was the mixed subtype, at 60.9%, followed by the normoactive subtype (34.4%) and the hypoactive subtype (4.7%). The factors most associated with delirium were age (adjusted RR = 1.07; 95% CI, 1.05-1.09), the presence of four or more comorbidities (adjusted RR = 2.04; 95% CI, 1.31-3.20), and being a patient in the ICU (adjusted RR = 2.02; 95% CI, 1.22-3.35). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of delirium is heterogeneous in the different departments of the university hospital. The highest incidence occurred in patients that were admitted to the GU. The mixed subtype was the most frequent one, and the main associated factors were age, the presence of four or more comorbidities, and being an ICU patient.

Age-period-cohort effects on incidence trends of childhood leukemia from four population-based cancer registries in Colombia.

BACKGROUND: Childhood leukemia (CL) is the most prevalent form of pediatric cancer on a global scale. However, there is a limited understanding of the dynamics of CL incidence in South America, with a specific knowledge gap in Colombia. This study aimed to identify trends in CL incidence and to analyze the effects of age, period, and birth cohort on the risk of leukemia incidence in this population. METHODS: Information on all newly diagnosed leukemia cases (in general and by subtype) among residents aged 0-18 years and living in the serving areas of population-based cancer registries of Cali (2008-2017), Bucaramanga (2000-2017), Manizales (2003-2017), and Pasto (1998-2018). Estimated annual percent changes (EAPC) in incidence over time and potential changes in the slope of these EAPCs were calculated using joinpoint regression models. The effects of age, period, and cohort in CL incidence trends were evaluated using age-period-cohort models addressing the identifiability issue through the application of double differences. RESULTS: A total of 966 childhood leukemia cases were identified. The average standardized incidence rate (ASIR) of leukemia was calculated and expressed per 100,000 person-years - observing ASIR of 4.46 in Cali, 7.27 in Bucaramanga, 3.89 in Manizales and 4.06 in Pasto. Concerning CL trends there were no statistically significant changes in EAPC throughout the different periods, however, when analyzed by leukemia subtype, statistically significant changes were observed in the EAPC for both ALL and AML. Analysis of age-period-cohort models revealed that age-related factors significantly underpin the incidence trends of childhood leukemia in these four Colombian cities. CONCLUSIONS: This study offers valuable insights into the incidence trends of childhood leukemia in four major Colombian cities. The analysis revealed stable overall CL incidence rates across varying periods, predominantly influenced by age-related factors and the absence of cohort and period effects. This information is useful for surveillance and planning purposes for CL diagnosis and treatment in Colombia.

Housing index, urbanisation level and lifetime prevalence of depressive and anxiety disorders: a cross-sectional analysis of the Colombian national mental health survey.

OBJECTIVES: To study socioeconomic inequalities in mental health in rural and urban Colombia, a country with a history of internal conflict and large socioeconomic inequalities. Recent survey data are available to study this understudied topic in a middle-income country. METHODS: Using data from 9656 respondents from the 2015 Colombian Mental Health survey, we investigated the association between lifetime prevalence of depressive and anxiety disorders and quality of dwellings and access to public services housing score (HS). We calculated the relative index of inequality (RII) and slope index of inequality (SII) for HS in urban and rural areas, adjusting for potential confounders and mediating factors. OUTCOMES: The lifetime prevalence of anxiety and depression (combined) was 9.6% in urban versus 6.9% in rural areas (p<0.001). HS was not associated with prevalence of anxiety and depression in urban settings, whereas a higher HS (poorer housing quality) was associated with fewer mental disorders in rural areas in both univariate and multivariate models (multivariate RIIurban0.96 (95% CI 0.51 to 1.81); RIIrural0.11 (95% CI 0.04 to 0.32)). In rural areas, the prevalence of mental health problems was 12% points lower in persons living in the poorest quality dwellings than in those living in high-quality dwellings (SII -0.12 (95% CI -0.18 to -0.06)). Interestingly, within rural areas, persons living in 'populated centres' (small towns, villages) had a higher lifetime prevalence of any mental health disorder (9.8% (95% CI 6.9 to 13.6)) compared with those living in more isolated, dispersed areas (6.0% (95% CI 4.6 to 7.7)). INTERPRETATION: In rural Colombia, those living in the poorest houses and in dispersed areas had a lower prevalence of mental health problems. Further understanding of this phenomenon of a seemingly inverse association of prevalence of mental disorders with poverty and/or urbanisation in rural areas is needed. Particularly, considering the progressive urbanisation process in Colombia, it is important to monitor mental health in populations migrating to the cities.

[Chronic diseases in the population affected by the armed conflict in Colombia, 2015]. / Enfermedades crónicas en población afectada por el conflicto armado en Colombia, 2015.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to identify the most frequent non-mental chronic illnesses in the Colombian population affected by the armed conflict. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study using data from the National Mental Health Survey 2015. The study population was stratified by sex and age and other general data were extracted, including education and poverty level, measured by the Multidimensional Poverty Index. Data analysis was based on information from people who reported having been victims of the Colombian armed conflict at some time in their lives; the frequency of presentation of non-mental chronic illnesses was reported as a measure of indirect relative risk. RESULTS: Information on 10,764 people over 18 years of age was described, this being a representative sample at the national level. It was found that 10.4% of subjects affected by the armed conflict have a high educational level (technical school or university), and that 43.6% are living in conditions of poverty or vulnerability. The non-mental chronic illnesses identified were: hypertension 20.4% (CI95%: 15.7-26.1); diabetes 6.7% (CI95%: 4.4-10.3); rheumatologic diseases 10.4% (CI95%: 7.1-14.9); gastrointestinal diseases 19.1% (CI95%: 14.5-24.7); and chronic pain 6.9% (CI95%: 4.2-11). CONCLUSIONS: The population affected by the armed conflict is apparently at greater risk of presenting non-mental chronic illnesses such as hypertension and diabetes, which shows the vulnerability of these communities.

Prevalencia y factores asociados a conductas de riesgo alimentario en población indígena de Colombia / Prevalence of risky eating behaviors and associated factors in indigenous population in Colombia

Resumen La información sobre conductas alimentarias de riesgo (CAR) entre indígenas latinoamericanos es escasa. El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la prevalencia de CAR en población indígena de Colombia, así como identificar factibles factores de riesgo sociodemo-gráficos e individuales. De la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Mental se retomaron los registros de 493 indígenas adultos (Medad =29.5 años, DE =7.39), hombres y mujeres. Las CAR evaluadas fueron: dieta restrictiva, malestar al comer, atracón y vómito autoinducido. El 19.5% de los participantes reportaron presentar al menos una CAR, y aquellas con mayor prevalencia fueron la dieta (8.5-9.6%) y el atracón (6.1%). Ninguno de los factores sociodemográficos evaluados se asoció a la presencia de CAR; por el contrario, de entre los factores individuales, la presencia de trastorno afectivo mostró ser un factible factor de riesgo de estas conductas. Las CAR no son infrecuentes en la población indígena adulta colombiana, e incluso su prevalencia puede duplicar la documentada en población general. Este estudio pretende aportar al escaso conocimiento existente sobre el tópico en poblaciones indígenas. Hallazgos que, ya sea a mediano o largo plazo, deberán incidir en el planteamiento de políticas de salud públicas acordes a las minorías indígenas presentes en Latinoamérica.

Abstract Data on risky eating behaviors (REB) in Latin American ethnic groups is scarce. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of REB in adult indigenous from Colombia, as well as to identify feasible sociodemographic and individual risk factors. A total of 493 records of adult indigenous men and women (Mage = 29.5 years, SD = 7.39) were retrieved from the National Survey of Mental Health. The REB assessed were: restrictive dieting, eating discomfort, binge-eating and self-induced vomiting. Participants (19.5%) reported having at least one REB, being restrictive dieting (8.5-9.6%) and binge eating (6.1%) those with higher prevalence. None of the sociodemographic factors evaluated was associated with the presence of REB, on the contrary, among the individual factors, the presence of affective disorder showed to be a feasible risk factor for these behaviors. The REB are common in the indigenous population in Colombia, even its prevalence may double the one reported in general population. This study aims to contribute to the scarce existing knowledge about the topic in indigenous populations. Findings that, whether in the medium or long term, should influence the approach of public health policies according to the indigenous minorities in Latin America.

Enfermedades crónicas en población afectada por el conflicto armado en Colombia, 2015

Objetivo. El propósito de este estudio fue identificar las enfermedades crónicas no mentales, más frecuentes en la población colombiana afectada por el conflicto armado. Metodología. Este es un estudio transversal, que usa datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Mental 2015. La población estudiada se estratificó por sexo y edad y se extrajeron otros datos generales como: nivel educativo y grado de pobreza, medido por el Índice Multidimensional de Pobreza. Se analizaron datos de personas que reportaron haber sido víctimas del conflicto armado colombiano en algún momento de la vida la vida y se reportó como medida de riesgo relativo indirecto la frecuencia de presentación de enfermedades crónicas no mentales. Resultados. Se describió información de 10 764 personas mayores de 18 años siendo una muestra representativa a nivel nacional. Se encontró que 10,4 % de los sujetos afectados por el conflicto armado tienen un nivel educativo superior (técnico o universitario), así como 43,6 % se encuentran en estado de pobreza o en estado de vulnerabilidad. Las enfermedades crónicas no mentales identificadas fueron: hipertensión arterial 20,4 % (IC95% 15,7–26,1), diabetes 6,7 % (IC95% 4,4–10,3), enfermedades reumatológicas 10,4 % (IC95% 7,1–14,9), enfermedades gastrointestinales 19,1 % (IC95% 14,5–24,7), y dolor crónico 6,9 % (IC95% 4,2–11) Conclusiones. La población afectada por el conflicto armado tiene aparentemente mayor riesgo de presentar enfermedades crónicas no mentales, tales como hipertensión arterial y diabetes, lo que evidencia la situación de vulnerabilidad de estas comunidades.

Objetivo. Identificar as doenças crônicas não relacionadas à saúde mental mais comuns na população oriunda de áreas de conflito armado. Metodologia. Estudo transversal conduzido com dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde Mental realizada na Colômbia em 2015. A população estudada foi estratificada por sexo e idade. Foram também coletadas informações gerais como nível de escolaridade e nível de pobreza, avaliado pelo Índice Multidimensional de Pobreza. Foram analisados dados de pessoas que se declararam vítimas do conflito armado em algum momento da vida e a frequência de ocorrência de doenças crónicas não relacionadas à saúde mental foi usada como medida de risco relativo indireto. Resultados. Foram obtidas informações de 10.764 pessoas acima de 18 anos de idade, constituindo uma amostra representativa ao nível nacional. Verificou-se que 10,4% das pessoas oriundas de áreas de conflito armado têm nível de escolaridade superior (técnico ou universitário) e 43,6% vivem em situação de pobreza ou vulnerabilidade. As doenças crônicas não relacionadas à saúde mental identificadas foram: hipertensão arterial (20,4%, IC95% 15,7–26,1), diabetes (6,7%, IC95% 4,4–10,3), doenças reumatológicas (10,4%, IC95% 7,1–14,9), doenças gastrointestinais (19,1%, IC95% 14,5– 24,7) e dor crônica (6,9%, IC95% 4,2–11). Conclusões. A população oriunda de áreas de conflito armado aparentemente tem maior risco de apresentar doenças crônicas não relacionadas à saúde mental, como hipertensão arterial e diabetes, o que evidencia a situação de vulnerabilidade em que vivem estas comunidades.

Objective. The purpose of this study was to identify the most frequent non-mental chronic illnesses in the Colombian population affected by the armed conflict. Methodology. A cross-sectional study using data from the National Mental Health Survey 2015. The study population was stratified by sex and age and other general data were extracted, including education and poverty level, measured by the Multidimensional Poverty Index. Data analysis was based on information from people who reported having been victims of the Colombian armed conflict at some time in their lives; the frequency of presentation of non-mental chronic illnesses was reported as a measure of indirect relative risk. Results. Information on 10,764 people over 18 years of age was described, this being a representative sample at the national level. It was found that 10.4% of subjects affected by the armed conflict have a high educational level (technical school or university), and that 43.6% are living in conditions of poverty or vulnerability. The non-mental chronic illnesses identified were: hypertension 20.4% (CI95%: 15.7-26.1); diabetes 6.7% (CI95%: 4.4-10.3); rheumatologic diseases 10.4% (CI95%: 7.1-14.9); gastrointestinal diseases 19.1% (CI95%: 14.5-24.7); and chronic pain 6.9% (CI95%: 4.2-11) Conclusions. The population affected by the armed conflict is apparently at greater risk of presenting non-mental chronic illnesses such as hypertension and diabetes, which shows the vulnerability of these communities.

Cutaneous melanoma attributable to solar radiation in Cali, Colombia.

Estimating the population attributable fraction (PAF) of melanomas due to sun exposure is challenging as there are no unexposed population nor reliable exposure data. In high incidence countries, a historic cohort of the South Thames cancer registry was used as a minimally exposed population using the formula PAF = (observed incidence-incidence in minimally exposure)/observed incidence. In this study, we apply this method, constructing a minimally exposed cohort for Colombia and also using the historical South Thames data, using melanoma incidence data from the population-based cancer registry of Cali, Colombia for the period 1967-2012. The historic cohort incidence rates were very similar to those of Thames, but cohort effects were smaller for women and nonexistent for men. Age-specific incidence rates of these minimally exposed cohorts were applied to recent population numbers. For females, PAFs were 19% using the historic Thames cohort and 25% using the historic Cali cohort, corresponding numbers for males were 62% (vs. Thames) and 0% (vs. Cali). Taking into account the incidence rates of acral melanomas, which are not sun related, the PAF increased in women to 26% (vs. Thames) and 34% (vs. Cali) and for men 77% (vs. Thames). This exercise shows the modest contribution of exposure to ultraviolet radiation in the burden of melanoma in low-incidence countries, as well as the importance to take into consideration the acral lentiginous melanomas.

Enfermedades crónicas en población afectada por el conflicto armado en Colombia, 2015 / Chronic diseases in the population affected by the armed conflict in Colombia, 2015 / Doenças crônicas em população oriunda de áreas de conflito armado na Colômbia, 2015

RESUMEN Objetivo El propósito de este estudio fue identificar las enfermedades crónicas no mentales, más frecuentes en la población colombiana afectada por el conflicto armado. Metodología Este es un estudio transversal, que usa datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Mental 2015. La población estudiada se estratificó por sexo y edad y se extrajeron otros datos generales como: nivel educativo y grado de pobreza, medido por el Índice Multidimensional de Pobreza. Se analizaron datos de personas que reportaron haber sido víctimas del conflicto armado colombiano en algún momento de la vida la vida y se reportó como medida de riesgo relativo indirecto la frecuencia de presentación de enfermedades crónicas no mentales. Resultados Se describió información de 10 764 personas mayores de 18 años siendo una muestra representativa a nivel nacional. Se encontró que 10,4 % de los sujetos afectados por el conflicto armado tienen un nivel educativo superior (técnico o universitario), así como 43,6 % se encuentran en estado de pobreza o en estado de vulnerabilidad. Las enfermedades crónicas no mentales identificadas fueron: hipertensión arterial 20,4 % (IC95% 15,7-26,1), diabetes 6,7 % (IC95% 4,4-10,3), enfermedades reumatológicas 10,4 % (IC95% 7,1-14,9), enfermedades gastrointestinales 19,1 % (IC95% 14,5-24,7), y dolor crónico 6,9 % (IC95% 4,2-11) Conclusiones La población afectada por el conflicto armado tiene aparentemente mayor riesgo de presentar enfermedades crónicas no mentales, tales como hipertensión arterial y diabetes, lo que evidencia la situación de vulnerabilidad de estas comunidades.

ABSTRACT Objective The purpose of this study was to identify the most frequent non-mental chronic illnesses in the Colombian population affected by the armed conflict. Methodology A cross-sectional study using data from the National Mental Health Survey 2015. The study population was stratified by sex and age and other general data were extracted, including education and poverty level, measured by the Multidimensional Poverty Index. Data analysis was based on information from people who reported having been victims of the Colombian armed conflict at some time in their lives; the frequency of presentation of non-mental chronic illnesses was reported as a measure of indirect relative risk. Results Information on 10,764 people over 18 years of age was described, this being a representative sample at the national level. It was found that 10.4% of subjects affected by the armed conflict have a high educational level (technical school or university), and that 43.6% are living in conditions of poverty or vulnerability. The non-mental chronic illnesses identified were: hypertension 20.4% (CI95%: 15.7-26.1); diabetes 6.7% (CI95%: 4.4-10.3); rheumatologic diseases 10.4% (CI95%: 7.1-14.9); gastrointestinal diseases 19.1% (CI95%: 14.5-24.7); and chronic pain 6.9% (CI95%: 4.2-11) Conclusions The population affected by the armed conflict is apparently at greater risk of presenting non-mental chronic illnesses such as hypertension and diabetes, which shows the vulnerability of these communities.

RESUMO Objetivo Identificar as doenças crônicas não relacionadas à saúde mental mais comuns na população oriunda de áreas de conflito armado. Metodologia Estudo transversal conduzido com dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde Mental realizada na Colômbia em 2015. A população estudada foi estratificada por sexo e idade. Foram também coletadas informações gerais como nível de escolaridade e nível de pobreza, avaliado pelo Índice Multidimensional de Pobreza. Foram analisados dados de pessoas que se declararam vítimas do conflito armado em algum momento da vida e a frequência de ocorrência de doenças crónicas não relacionadas à saúde mental foi usada como medida de risco relativo indireto. Resultados Foram obtidas informações de 10.764 pessoas acima de 18 anos de idade, constituindo uma amostra representativa ao nível nacional. Verificou-se que 10,4% das pessoas oriundas de áreas de conflito armado têm nível de escolaridade superior (técnico ou universitário) e 43,6% vivem em situação de pobreza ou vulnerabilidade. As doenças crônicas não relacionadas à saúde mental identificadas foram: hipertensão arterial (20,4%, IC95% 15,7-26,1), diabetes (6,7%, IC95% 4,4-10,3), doenças reumatológicas (10,4%, IC95% 7,1-14,9), doenças gastrointestinais (19,1%, IC95% 14,5-24,7) e dor crônica (6,9%, IC95% 4,2-11). Conclusões A população oriunda de áreas de conflito armado aparentemente tem maior risco de apresentar doenças crônicas não relacionadas à saúde mental, como hipertensão arterial e diabetes, o que evidencia a situação de vulnerabilidade em que vivem estas comunidades.

[A Cross-sectional Study of School dropout in adolescents: National Mental Health Survey Colombia 2015]. / Deserción escolar de adolescentes a partir de un estudio de corte transversal: Encuesta Nacional de Salud Mental Colombia 2015.

INTRODUCTION: School dropout in adolescents can have negative consequences, not only for the individual and the family, but also for the society. To identify the characteristics associated with the occurrence of this event might contribute to the planning of a prevention strategy. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the relationship between the individual and home characteristics and school dropout in adolescents from 12 to 17 years old in Colombia. METHODS: A cross sectional study was conducted from information taken from the results obtained in the 2015 National Mental Health Survey. A study was made of the relationship between the individual and home characteristics and school dropout in adolescents from 12 to 17 years old RESULTS: A higher percentage of school dropouts was found in the older adolescents, females, and those who have children. Among the home characteristics, it was observed that those homes with more than two people, located in rural area, or that are classified as poor, have an increased percentage of school dropout adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: Strategies for which the main goal is to prevent school dropout should consider populations with higher prevalence of out-of-school adolescents (female, homes in rural area, or household poverty). Preventive actions of adolescent pregnancy might contribute to reduce the school dropout rate.

[Mental Health, Emotional Suffering, Mental Problems and Disorders in Indigenous Colombians. Data From the National Mental Health Survey 2015]. / Salud mental, sufrimiento emocional, problemas y trastornos mentales de indígenas colombianos. Datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Mental 2015.

BACKGROUND: Indigenous people represent 5% of the world population and one-third of the poor ones. Alcoholism rates, substance abuse problems, and mental disorders are shown to be higher than the general population. METHODS: An analysis was made of the data from the National Mental Health Survey 2015. In this survey, it was asked if self-recognition as a native was according to the culture, the people, or physical features. RESULTS: A total of 902 indigenous people were surveyed, corresponding to 8.3% of the surveyed adult population. The majority (39.5%) lived in the Pacific region, with 23.7% Atlantic region, and 20% in the Eastern region. More than one-quarter (26.6%) reported a status of poverty, 31.7% spoke the language of their people, and 17.8% reported displacement due to violence. Mental health was defined as, "having good physical health, to eat, sleep and rest, by 42.9%. As regards problems and mental disorders, 8% reported excessive consumption and 7.9% a risk consumption of alcohol. As regards general psychopathology, measured by the (Self-reporting questionnaire) SRQ, 8.1% of the population had symptoms. The life prevalences of anxiety and depressive mental disorders were reported by 6.7% women and 8.4% men, and the associated risk factors that show higher risk were: aged between 18 to 44 years, not speaking the language of their people, living in Bogota, living in urban areas, and consuming psychoactive substances and tobacco. CONCLUSIONS: People who recognised themselves as indigenous have higher rates of displacement by violence, report problems and common mental disorders that are associated with factors consistent with loss of cultural characteristics.

[Violence due to Armed Conflict and Prevalence of Mood Disorders, Anxiety and Mental Problems in the Colombian Adult Population]. / Violencia por conflicto armado y prevalencias de trastornos del afecto, ansiedad y problemas mentales en la población adulta colombiana.

BACKGROUND: Violence in Colombia has a history of over 50 years. Between 1985 and 2012 an estimated of 220,000 Colombians have died and about 6,000,000 have been displaced by violence. OBJECTIVE: To describe and compare the prevalence of some problems and mental disorders in the adult population in Colombia, taking into account the characteristics of the municipality, as regards its history of violence or armed conflict. METHODS: The results for adults (over 18 years) of some problems and mental disorders were taken from the ENSM-2015. The municipalities were classified according to the presence and intensity of the conflict using the classification proposed by the CERAC. Disorders were measured using CIDI-CAPI, and problems with AUDIT, modified PCL (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist). An estimate was also made of psychoactive substances consumption. RESULTS: A total of 10,870 people were interviewed, of whom 5,429 had not changed residence. There was had permanent conflict in 21.8% of the municipalities, 65.5% had a discontinued conflict, and only 12.7% had been pacified or had no conflict. The intensity of the conflict was reported as high by 31.8% of the people. Violent municipalities have a higher prevalence of anxiety disorders, depression, possible Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, and smoking. Alcohol consumption was more common in municipalities with less intense conflict. CONCLUSIONS: The municipalities classified as having high levels of violence have a higher prevalence of mental disorders and the majority of the mental problems.

Salud mental, sufrimiento emocional, problemas y trastornos mentales de indígenas colombianos. Datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Mental 2015 / Mental Health, Emotional Suffering, Mental Problems and Disorders in Indigenous Colombians. Data From the National Mental Health Survey 2015

Resumen Introducción: Los indígenas son el 5% de la población mundial y un tercio de la población pobre del mundo. Se han observado tasas de alcoholismo, abuso de sustancias, problemas y trastornos mentales más altos que en la población general. Métodos: Análisis de los datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Mental 2015. En esta se preguntó el autorreconocimiento como indígena de acuerdo con la cultura, el pueblo o los rasgos físicos. Resultados: Se encuestó a 902 indígenas, que corresponden al 8,3% de la población adulta encuestada, localizados mayoritariamente en el Pacífico (39,5%), la Región Atlántica (23,7%) y Oriental (20%). Reporta estado de pobreza el 26,6%, solo el 31,7% habla la lengua de su pueblo y el 17,8% informa desplazamiento por la violencia. El 42,9% define salud mental como «tener buena salud física, comer, dormir, descansar¼. Respecto a problemas y trastornos mentales, un 8% reporta consumo excesivo de alcohol y el 7,9%, consumo de riesgo. Respecto a posible psicopatología general medida con el SRQ, se presentan síntomas en el 8,1% de la población abordada; las prevalencias de vida de los trastornos mentales ansiosos y depresivos alcanzaron el 6,7% de las mujeres y el 8,4% de los varones, y los factores asociados que muestran mayor riesgo son la edad de 18-44 años, no hablar la lengua de su pueblo, vivir en Bogotá, en área urbana, y consumir sustancias psicoactivas y cigarrillo. Conclusiones: Las personas que se reconocen como indígenas presentan altas tasas de desplazamiento por violencia y reportan problemas y trastornos mentales frecuentes que se asocian con factores compatibles con pérdida de rasgos culturales propios.

Abstract Background: Indigenous people represent 5% of the world population and one-third of the poor ones. Alcoholism rates, substance abuse problems, and mental disorders are shown to be higher than the general population. Methods: An analysis was made of the data from the National Mental Health Survey 2015. In this survey, it was asked if self-recognition as a native was according to the culture, the people, or physical features. Results: A total of 902 indigenous people were surveyed, corresponding to 8.3% of the surveyed adult population. The majority (39.5%) lived in the Pacific region, with 23.7% Atlantic region, and 20% in the Eastern region More than one-quarter (26.6%) reported a status of poverty, 31.7% spoke the language of their people, and 17.8% reported displacement due to violence. Mental health was defined as, "having good physical health, to eat, sleep and rest, by 42.9%. As regards problems and mental disorders, 8% reported excessive consumption and 7.9% a risk consumption of alcohol. As regards general psychopathology, measured by the (Self-reporting questionnaire) SRQ, 8.1% of the population had symptoms. The life prevalences of anxiety and depressive mental disorders were reported by 6.7% women and 8.4% men, and the associated risk factors that show higher risk were: aged between 18 to 44 years, not speaking the language of their people, living in Bogota, living in urban areas, and consuming psychoactive substances and tobacco. Conclusions: People who recognised themselves as indigenous have higher rates of displacement by violence, report problems and common mental disorders that are associated with factors consistent with loss of cultural characteristics.

Deserción escolar de adolescentes a partir de un estudio de corte transversal: Encuesta Nacional de Salud Mental Colombia 2015 / A Cross-sectional Study of School dropout in adolescents: National Mental Health Survey Colombia 2015

Resumen Introducción: La deserción escolar de los adolescentes puede tener consecuencias negativas no solo para el individuo y su núcleo familiar, sino también para la sociedad. Identificar características relacionadas con la ocurrencia de este evento puede contribuir a la planeación de estrategias de prevención. Objetivos: Evaluar la relación entre características individuales y del hogar y la deserción escolar de adolescentes de 12-17 años en Colombia. Métodos: Este es un estudio transversal, la información se extrajo de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Mental de 2015, y se estudió la relación entre características individuales y del hogar y la deserción escolar de adolescentes de 12-17 años. Resultados: Se observó un mayor porcentaje de adolecentes no escolarizados en los grupos de más edad, de sexo femenino o que han tenido hijos. Entre las características del hogar se identificó que los hogares con 2 personas, de zona rural o en estado de pobreza presentan un mayor porcentaje de adolescentes no escolarizados. Conclusiones: Las estrategias cuyo objetivo sea prevenir la deserción escolar deben considerar a las poblaciones con mayores porcentajes de adolescentes no escolarizados (mujeres, hogares de zona rural y hogares en estado de pobreza). Acciones de prevención del embarazo adolescente pueden contribuir a evitar la deserción.

Abstract Introduction: School dropout in adolescents can have negative consequences, not only for the individual and the family, but also for the society. To identify the characteristics associated with the occurrence of this event might contribute to the planning of a prevention strategy. Objectives: To evaluate the relationship between the individual and home characteristics and school dropout in adolescents from 12 to 17 years old in Colombia. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted from information taken from the results obtained in the 2015 National Mental Health Survey. A study was made of the relationship between the individual and home characteristics and school dropout in adolescents from 12 to 17 years old. Results: A higher percentage of school dropoutswas found in the older adolescents, females, and those who have children. Among the home characteristics, it was observed that those homes with more than two people, located in rural area, or that are classified as poor, have an increased percentage of school dropout adolescents. Conclusions: Strategies for which the main goal is to prevent school dropout should consider populations with higher prevalence of out-of-school adolescents (female, homes in rural area, or household poverty). Preventive actions of adolescent pregnancy might contribute to reduce the school dropout rate.

´Inequidad' de la expectativa de vida al nacer por sexo y ´departamentos' de Colombia / Life expectancy at birth in Colombia, 2000-2009: inequalities by region and gender

Introducción. La expectativa de vida al nacer es un indicador que se ha utilizado para hacerle seguimiento al desarrollo humano dentro de los países y entre ellos. Este ha venido incrementándose gracias a los progresos en el campo de la medicina y la tecnología. Sin embargo, el acceso a la atención, la tecnología y los factores determinantes sociales que mejoran el estado de salud, han sido desiguales entre departamentos y países. Objetivo. Estimar la ´inequidad' de la expectativa de vida, para cada ´departamento' de Colombia según sexo, en el periodo 2000 a 2009. Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio ecológico. Se estimó la expectativa de vida al nacer por ´departamentos' en Colombia, mediante el método de las tablas de vida, entre 2000 y 2009. Las fuentes de datos fueron los registros de defunción y las series de población estimadas a partir del censo del 2005 del Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE). Se estimó la ´inequidad' en la expectativa de vida por ´departamentos', comparando con el mejor referente mundial en los años 2000, 2006 y 2009, y con el mejor referente interno en el periodo 2000 a 2009. Resultados. Se encontraron años perdidos de vida potencial que fueron hasta de 21 años en el periodo, al hacer la comparación con el mejor referente externo. La diferencia entre los ´departamentos' fue hasta de 15,3 años perdidos de vida potencial. Hubo ´departamentos' en los que aumentó la brecha de años perdidos de vida potencial. Conclusiones. Colombia mantiene grandes diferencias en los años perdidos de vida potencial entre sus ´departamentos'.

Introduction: Life expectancy is one of the measurements that have been used to monitor socioeconomic development within and among countries. During the last 30 years, life expectancy has increased worldwide mainly due to medical and technological developments. However, access to health care, new technologies and social determinants remain unevenly distributed among regions and countries in the world. Objective: To assess inequalities in life expectancy by gender and regions (departments) in Colombia between 2000 and 2009. Materials and methods: Ecological study. Life expectancy was estimated for each Colombian department using yearly life tables from 2000 to 2009. We used data from the death registries and the estimated population series, provided by the Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE). For the study period, estimates of life expectancy by departments were compared with those from Japan for the years 2000, 2006 and 2009, which is the country with the highest life expectancy in the world, and with the Colombian department with the highest life expectancy from 2000 to 2009. Results: Compared with the highest life expectancy in the world, Colombian departments showed differences ranged between 5.7 and 21 years. We found significant differences between departments, with the largest difference being 15.3 years. Additionally, in some departments life expectancy decreased during the analyzed period. Conclusions: This study identified differences in life expectancy in Colombian departments suggesting inequalities in health and living conditions among them. These differences increased in some departments during the period 2000-2009.

[Life expectancy at birth in Colombia, 2000-2009: inequalities by region and gender]. / 'Inequidad' de la expectativa de vida al nacer por sexo y 'departamentos' de Colombia.

INTRODUCTION: Life expectancy is one of the measurements that have been used to monitor socioeconomic development within and among countries. During the last 30 years, life expectancy has increased worldwide mainly due to medical and technological developments. However, access to health care, new technologies and social determinants remain unevenly distributed among regions and countries in the world. OBJECTIVE: To assess inequalities in life expectancy by gender and regions (departments) in Colombia between 2000 and 2009. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ecological study. Life expectancy was estimated for each Colombian department using yearly life tables from 2000 to 2009. We used data from the death registries and the estimated population series, provided by the Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE). For the study period, estimates of life expectancy by departments were compared with those from Japan for the years 2000, 2006 and 2009, which is the country with the highest life expectancy in the world, and with the Colombian department with the highest life expectancy from 2000 to 2009. RESULTS: Compared with the highest life expectancy in the world, Colombian departments showed differences ranged between 5.7 and 21 years. We found significant differences between departments, with the largest difference being 15.3 years. Additionally, in some departments life expectancy decreased during the analyzed period. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified differences in life expectancy in Colombian departments suggesting inequalities in health and living conditions among them. These differences increased in some departments during the period 2000-2009.

[Inequity in lost life years by Departments in Colombia 1985-2005]. / Inequidad en los Años de Vida Potencial Perdida, por Departamentos en Colombia 1985-2005.

OBJECTIVES: Describing differences in years of life lost (LLY) regarding life expectancy at birth in Colombia amongst Departments during the study period. METHODS: Data about life expectancy at birth by gender were taken from the Colombian Statistics Administration Department (DAÑE) databases for 1985-1990, 1995-2000 and 2000-2005. Data about the country having the best world health expectancy value was taken from World Health Organisation reports. LLY regarding life expectancy at birth (LEB) were estimated with relative differences between regional values and the best world value for the study periods. RESULTS: LLY tended to become reduced for both genders throughout the whole study period; however, LLY was higher for women than men in some departments during the three periods. The worst LLY quintile for 1985-1990 was 18.98+/-2.36 mean LLY value for men and 18.45+/-2.43 for women. Mean LLY value for men was 16.99+/-1.7 and 16.01+71.46 for women for 1995-2000 and mean 15.99+/-1.34 LLY for men and 14.51+/-0.96 LLY for women for 2000-2005. LLY values for the best quintile for men and women were 7.41+/-0.65; 8.34+/-0.65 in 1985-1990, 7.22+/-0.62 and 8.59+/-0.31 in 1995-2000 and 7.72+/0.58 and 8.89+/-0.67 in 2000-2005, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: There were differences in life expectancy at birth between departments and gender during the three periods studied. There was disparity regarding LLY compared to the best country in the world by department and gender in Colombia during the study periods.

Inequidad en los años de vida potencial perdida, por departamentos en Colombia 1985-2005 / Inequity in lost life years by departments in Colombia 1985-2005

Objetivo Describir las diferencias en los años de vida perdidos en la expectativa de vida al nacer por Departamentos en Colombia, durante el periodo de estudio. Métodos Los datos sobre expectativa de vida al nacer por género, fueron tomados del Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DAÑE) para los periodos: 1985-1990, 1995-2000 y 2000-2005. Los datos sobre el país con la mejor expectativa de vida en el mundo fue tomado de los reportes de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Los años de vida perdidos en expectativa de vida (AVPP) fueron estimados a partir de las diferencias relativas entre valores regionales y los mejores valores del mundo para los periodos de estudio. Resultados El número de AVPP tuvo una tendencia a disminuir en ambos géneros durante el periodo de estudio. Sin embargo hubo Departamentos en los cuales los AVPP fueron mayores para mujeres que para hombres en los tres periodos. Adicionalmente, el peor quintil de AVPP tuvo un valor medio de 18,98 ±2,36 AVPP para hombres y 18,45+/-2,43 AVPP para mujeres en 1985-1990; 16,99+/-1,7 AVPP para hombres y 16,01+/1,46 para mujeres en 1995-2000; y 15,99+/-1,34 AVPP para hombres y 14,51 +/-0,96 AVPP para mujeres en 2000-2005. Los valores para el mejor quintil de AVPP fueron respectivamente para hombres y mujeres: 7,41+/-0,65; 8,34+/-0,65 en 1985-1990; 7,22+/-0,62 y 8,59+/-0,31 en 1995-2000; y 7,72+/ 0,58 y 8,89+/-0,67 en 2000-2005. Conclusiones Hubo diferencias en la expectativa de vida al nacer entre Departamentos y géneros en los tres periodos estudiados. Hubo disparidad en el numero de AVPP, comparando con el mejor país en el mundo, por Departamentos, durante los periodos de estudio.

Objectives Describing differences in years of life lost (LLY) regarding life expectancy at birth in Colombia amongst Departments during the study period. Methods Data about life expectancy at birth by gender were taken from the Colombian Statistics Administration Department (DAÑE) databases for 1985-1990, 1995-2000 and 2000-2005. Data about the country having the best world health expectancy value was taken from World Health Organisation Reports. LLY regarding life expectancy at birth (LEB) were estimated with relative differences between regional values and the best world value for the study periods. Results LLY tended to become reduced for both genders throughout the whole study period; however, LLY was higher for women than men in some departments during the three periods. The worst LLY quintile for 1985-1990 was 18.98+/-2.36 mean LLY value for men and 18.45+/-2.43 for women. Mean LLY value for men was 16.99+/-1.7 and 16.01+71.46 for women for 1995-2000 and mean 15.99+/-1.34 LLY for men and 14.51+/-0.96 LLY for women for 2000-2005. LLY values for the best quintile for men and women were 7.41+/-0.65; 8.34+/-0.65 in 1985-1990, 7.22+/-0.62 and 8.59+/-0.31 in 1995-2000 and 7.72+/0.58 and 8.89+/-0.67 in 2000-2005, respectively. Conclusions There were differences in life expectancy at birth between departments and gender during the three periods studied. There was disparity regarding LLY compared to the best country in the world by department and gender in Colombia during the study periods.